مجله پژوهش های حبوبات ایران
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 27، بهار و تابستان 1402)

The pulses, including pinto bean have a great contribution to human nutrition by having a significant   protein content. Moreover, drought is one of the most important environmental stresses that negatively affects plant growth and development stages and consequently grain yield. In general, the most important effects of drought stress are the disruption of the photosynthetic apparatus, the reduction of stomatal conductance, premature leaf senescence and ultimately, the reduction of yield and yield components. However, the response of different plant genotypes to drought stress is different. About 60 percent of bean production in developing countries is done under drought stress. Iran is a country with a warm and dry climate that more than 85 percent of it located in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, the cultivation of pinto beans in Iran is carried out under drought stress conditions and we need to find a way to increase yield under drought stress conditions. One of the strategies to against drought stress is the introduction of tolerant and compatible plants. Accordingly, it is important to evaluate and select drought tolerant genotypes based on the traits that directly affect crop yield potential. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate 18 pinto bean genotypes under different irrigation regims.

This experiment was conducted in 2019 at Bean Research and Training Campus Farm, Khomein, using a 3-replicate split plot RCBD. The irrigation regimes as main plot consisted 50 (I1), 70 (I2) and 110 (I3) of cumulative evaporation using a standard class "A" evaporation pan.18 pinto bean genotypes (KS21336, KS-21359, KS-21331, KS21293, KS-920054, KS-21284, KS-21374, KS-21195, KS-21318, KS-21168, KS-21373, KS-21158, KS-21359, KS -21486, KS-21488, KS-21573, Ghaffar and Sadri) were considered as subplot. The grains of each genotype were planted in six rows with a length of three meters. Irrigation treatments were applied about 30 days after planting. Pest, disease and weed control were performed according to conventional methods during the growing period. Plants were harvested from each experimental unit at physiological maturity stage and leaf area index, leaf relative water content, plant height, grains per plant and in pod, pods number per plant, 100 grains weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index traits were recorded. In addition, the drought tolerance index was calculated to identify the tolerant genotypes of pinto beans. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the GLM procedure in SAS (version 9.1; Cary, North Carolina, USA). The least significant difference test (LSD) was used to assess the significance of differences in treatment means at the 5 percent probability level.

Irrigation regimes caused a significant reduction in leaf area index, leaf relative water content, pods number per plant, grains number per pod, grains per plant, 100 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index at I2 (27, 7, 25, 17, 37, 4, 6, 30 and 11 percent, respectively) and at I3 (41, 10, 45, 34, 60, 14, 23, 30 and 40 percent, respectively). In general, the rate of decreases was greater with increasing water stress intensity. Therefore, it can be concluded that drought stress negatively impacts plant growth and yield, with the severity of the stress playing a significant role. Drought stress can result in reduced photosynthesis, metabolic disturbances, and even plant mortality. Among the genotypes studied, KS-21318 exhibited the highest grain yield, followed by Ghaffar and KS-21158, respectively. Under normal irrigation conditions, grain yield demonstrated a positive and significant correlation with the number of grains per pod. In the I3 irrigation regime, characterized by severe stress, grain yield showed positive and significant correlations with the number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, and number of seeds per pod. The pinto bean genotypes examined exhibited notable variations in leaf area index, plant height, number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant, grain yield, harvest index (HI), and drought tolerance index under both mild and severe stress conditions. The highest and lowest harvest index in I3 irrigation regime (severe stress) belonged to KS-21318 and Ghaffar genotypes. Among the studied genotypes, the highest and lowest mild drought tolerance index belonged to Ghaffar (1.17) and KS-21486 (0.387) genotype, respectively. As well as, the highest and lowest severe drought stress tolerances belonged to Ghaffar (1.12) and KS-21486 (0.373) genotype, respectively.

Correlation coefficients between traits showed that in order to breed pinto beans in terms of seed yield, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod and thenumber of seeds per plant should be considered. Among the studied genotypes, according to drought tolerance index in terms of grain yield, Ghaffar genotype was identified as drought tolerant genotype. In general, there was a significant variation among the studied genotypes in response to different levels of irrigation and this can be used to breed and select pinto bean for drought tolerance.

Due to the increasing population and consequently the need to supply the protein needed by the country through the production of livestock and also the importance of maintaining soil structure by creating the right crop rotation in agricultural fields, research on forage plants is inevitable. One of the methods to increase soil fertility and increase crop production is to alternate the plants of legumes in the fields. Pomegranate is also used as a source of protein in livestock and poultry feed and can be used as dry fodder, green fodder and straw for cattle and sheep. Because the organic matter in kelp forage (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) can be catabolized in livestock and used as a source of energy, kelp fodder is important in providing the minerals needed by livestock.

In order to study the effects of sowing date on seed and forage yield of four local and foreign Lathyrus sativa L. ecotype a field experiment was conducted at Shahriar, Tehran in 2021 growing season. Experimental treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks design with factorial arrangement with three replications. In this research sowing date were in three levels (including 14th March, 6th April and 29th April) and grass pea ecotype were in four levels (Syria, Ethiopia, Eshnoye and Mashhad). For field sampling and quantitative and qualitative analysis of samples, grass pea forage crop was harvested at 50% flowering and pod stage. After determining the dry forage yield, a sample of forage of each plot was prepared to determine the quality traits. At this stage, traits such as percentage of crude protein, percentage of water-soluble carbohydrates and percentage of crude fiber using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy technology (Inframatic 8620 Percor, Germany) was measured. Simultaneously, one plant was harvested from each experimental unit and the green leaf area was calculated using a Leaf Area meter (England) in the laboratory. In order to determine the grain yield, an area of one square meter per harvest plot and measurements including grain yield and grain yield components (total number of pods, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight) were performed on harvested plants. Significant differences among sowing date, ecotypes and their interaction for traits were compared by LSD test (P≤0.05) using using the SAS (9.1) package. Microsoft Office Excel (2013) and Origin Pro. 9.1 were used for figures drawing.

The results of the analysis of variance revealed ecotype, planting date and interaction between them was significant for most traits. Foreign yield was significantly affected by planting date and the highest yield was from Ethiopia ecotype in first planting. The highest percentage of organic matter, soluble sugars and crude fiber was found in the third culture, whereas protein content and leaf area were higher in the second planting date. The cultivars also showed significant difference in terms of agronomic characteristics and the maximum number of pod per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed yield was achieved from Mashhad ecotype. There is a significant interaction between cultivars and planting date, indicate that various ecotypes have different reactions at different planting dates. In additional, the results of this study showed that delay in planting due to change of temperature and day length leads to faster development, lower photosynthetic area, earlier flowering and these consequently lower yield.

Based on the findings of the current experiment, it can be concluded that the timing of sowing has a substantial impact on both the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of grass pea seed yield and forage production. The results clearly demonstrated that delaying the sowing significantly reduces grain yield. Specifically, this study identified mid-March to mid-April as the most suitable planting period for the studied ecotypes. Among the ecotypes, the Mashhad ecotype outperformed others in terms of grain yield, mainly attributed to its higher number of pods and seeds per pod. Additionally, it was observed that delayed sowing, leading to the critical flowering and seed filling stages coinciding with hot weather conditions, resulted in yield losses. These findings underscore the significance of selecting optimal sowing dates to maximize yield and avoid potential yield reductions associated with unfavorable environmental conditions during critical growth stages. On the other hand, it was found that delaying sowing from the usual planting time reduces forage quality and in the climate of the region, mid-April to early May is the best time to obtain low-volume and high-quality forage.

Legumes are the most economically important food source for humans due to their protein richness, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Chickpea yield in spring-planting under dryland cropping decreases due to increasing temperature and day length and the occurrence of end-season drought and exposure to important pest's activity. In autumn-planting, early flowering, escaping from pests and optimal use of annual rainfall help to significantly increase in grain yield. Increasing the growth period during autumn planting has been found to result in taller plant height, making mechanical harvesting more feasible. The success of a plant breeding program relies on implementing a suitable selection design that takes into account both correlated and non-correlated relationships. Recently, a significant positive correlation has been observed between grain yield and several traits such as the number of pods, number of seeds, 100-kernel weight, and harvest index in chickpea. These traits were also found to have a direct and significant effect on chickpea grain yield. Additionally, there was a high direct effect observed for pod number, number of seeds, 100-kernel weight, and single-seed weight on chickpea grain yield.

This research was conducted on 112 chickpea genotypes in dryland spring-planting (non-cold stress condition) and autumn-planting (cold stress) based on augmented design in Dryland Agricultural Research Institute located in Maragheh. Total pods number, number of empty pods, number of tow-seed pods, plant height, first pod height from soil level, number of pods with one seed, days to maturity initiation, days to 90% maturity, 100-kernel weight, pod diameter, pod length, biomass, harvest index, fertility percent and single-plant yield were meassured. The correlation analysis, stepwise regression and path analysis, and principal component analysis were used for identifying the relationships among agro-morphological traits.

In autumn-planting condition grain yield positively correlated with all traits except days to 90% maturity, but in spring-planting condition the correlation between grain yield and first pod height, days to maturity initiation, days to 90% maturity, 100-kernel weight, pod diameter and pod length were not significant. In spring-planting, 100-kernel weight and total pods number were negatively correlated. In both spring and autumn-planting, the 100-kernel weight showed a significant positive correlation with pod diameter and pod length. This indicates that genotypes with larger pods also tend to have larger seeds. Furthermore, in autumn-planting, there was a significant positive correlation between pod diameter, pod length, and grain yield. However, these correlations were not significant in spring-planting. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to assess the factors influencing grain yield in both planting conditions. In spring-planting, the number of total pods, 100-kernel weight, fertility percent, and the number of two-seed pods were found to have direct and significant effects on grain yield. On the other hand, in autumn-planting, the number of total pods, pod length, number of empty pods, 100-kernel weight, and the number of two-seed pods were included in the final model as predictors of grain yield. These results suggest that these factors play a crucial role in determining grain yield in their respective planting conditions. In spring-planting, the genotypes 108, 63, 65 and 99 had the highest number of total pods, number of single pods, biomass and plant yield and genotypes 55, 76, 81, 82, 84, 85 and 88 had the highest weight of 100-kernel, pod length and pod diameter. In autumn-planting, the genotypes 87 and 22 had higher biomass and grain yield, genotypes 45 and 65 had higher total pods and number of single pods, genotype 89 had higher total pods and biomass and genotype 94 had higher total pods, number of single pods, biomass and yield.

Correlation analysis results showed that in non cold stress condition (spring-planting), due to the short growth period, the significant relationship of most important agronomic traits with grain yield were not revealed and important components such as 100-kernel weight did not have enough opportunity to significantly affect grain yield. In spring-planting, total pods number had a high direct effect and correlation coefficient with grain yield, but the indirect effect of this trait through 100-kernel weight on grain yield was negative because increasing the number of total pods causes decreasing the kernel weight. In autumn-planting, despite the high direct effect of total pods number on grain yield, due to the indirect negative effect through the number of empty pods, the correlation coefficient of total pod number with grain yield was not very high. Finally in order to increase grain yield in chickpea genotypes in breeding programs it is recommended that under cold stress and non-stress conditions, selection should be based on the number of total pods per plant, which is a visible trait and easy to measure.

Chickpea is a valuable and protein-rich pulse crop which is widely cultivated in more than 50 countries. Cultivation of chickpea in rotation with cereals can improve soil fertility through the process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Among the chickpea producing provinces in Iran, Kermanshah province has the first rank of chickpea production. Root rots and wilt have been considered the most devastating diseases limiting chickpea production in Kermanshah Province. However, the etiology of these diseases has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the fungal species causing wilt, yellowing and root rot in Kermanshah province, identify the dominant species and determine the prevalence of the disease in different regions of the province.

One hundred ninety-four chickpea fields, representative of the main planting areas throughout Kermanshah province, were surveyed during growing seasons 2011-2015. In each field, at least four diseased plant samples showing yellowing or wilting symptoms were collected, kept in paper bags, and transferred to the laboratory. 5 mm long pieces of root and stem of affected plants were prepared, surface sterilized and plated on Water Agar. The culture plates were incubated at a temperature of 25°C and examined on a daily basis. Pure cultures were obtained using either the hyphal-tip or single spore techniques. The isolates were then morphologically identified using available descriptions from the literature. Out of the abundant isolates, a total of 288 were selected for further investigation regarding their pathogenicity and aggressiveness. To prepare the inoculum, oat seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours and then transferred to 500 ml flasks. The flasks were autoclaved at a temperature of 121°C for 20 minutes, twice on two consecutive days. Each fungal isolate was cultured on five plates containing Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Then, the autoclaved oat seeds were added to the plates. The plates were then incubated at 25°C for two weeks until the fungus completely covered the seeds surface. The pots (4 cm in diameter and 12 cm in height) were filled to a height of 6 cm with an autoclaved soil mixture (field soil / sand at a ratio of 2:1), then 2 ml of inoculum was applied to the soil surface, the inoculum was covered with one cm of autoclaved soil, the two seeds of chickpea cultivar, Bivanij were placed on the soil surface, Finally, the seeds were covered with 2 cm of soil. In this test, three replicates were considered for each isolate. The control pots were mock inoculated with uninfested oat seeds. The pots were kept in the growth chamber for a maximum of five to six weeks at 25-28 ° C. The disease severity was rated according to a 0-4 scale.

Based on morphological characteristics, eight fungal species including Fusarium oxysporoum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. culmorum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani were identified. Based on the results of pathogenicity test, except for F. verticillioides and F. culmorum other species were identified as pathogenic. Among these, F. oxysporum and F. solani species complex were classified as the most common and most aggressive pathogens. F. equiseti and F. proliferatum were ranked as weakly aggressive pathogens. In this study, vascular discoloration, a major characteristic of the pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum, was observed in only a few inoculated plants suggesting that most of the recovered isolates did not belong to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Disease symptoms triggered by most of the isolates of F. oxysporum species complex in this study are consistent with those of F. redolens. However, accurate identification of these isolates requires a combination of molecular protocols and detailed morphological studies.

Our results showed that Fusarium species are the main agent causing root rot, yellowing and wilt on chickpea in kermanshah province. Among these, F. oxysporum species complex was the most common and most aggressive species. However, contrary to previous reports, most of the F. oxysporum isolates examined in this study did not belong to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Since the accurate pathogen identification is crucial for efficient disease management, accurate identification of the pathogen needs to be confirmed using molecular protocols. We also concluded that F. proliferatum is a weak pathogen of chickpea root. This is the first report of pathogenicity of F. proliferatum on chickpeas.

On a global scale, the demand for agricultural products is increasing at the same time as the human population is growing. Low and middle income countries are struggling to deal with their food security challenges. from one side, Modern agriculture is being done with the aim of producing maximum crops to meet the needs of the world's growing population and without ensuring its effects on the environment. Conventional agricultural practices around the world depend on the extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. nowadays, in all cropping systems, reducing dependence on subsidized energy (fertilizers and chemical pesticides) is one of the main goals. Therefore, it is very important to use the best management practices of nutrients in diverse ecosystems and different production systems to increase food production and improve farm profitability along with improving the efficiency of natural resources. Sustainable cropping systems ensure the long-term performance of the products produced for the developing population now and in the future without compromising the biological and physical components of the environment in which the production is taking place. One of the most important tools to achieve this goal is the use of organic fertilizers of natural origin and effective microorganisms during the production of crops. As a result, it will be possible to maintain crop productivity and increase soil health in the long term only by increasing the share of organic resources and biological fertilizers in agricultural ecosystems. In several field researches, the beneficial role and efficiency of using mycorrhizal and rhizobium biofertilizers and biochar and vermicompost organic fertilizers in the production of legumes, especially Red beans, have been reported.

 This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during growing season of 2021 at the experimental field of beiranshahr city of Khorramabad in Lorestan Province, Iran (48° 29' E, 33° 40' N and 1657m above the sea level). Before conducting the experiment to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil samples were collected from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth of soil. During this experiment effects of tow factors were studied: different cropping systems included (ecological, integrated, low input, medium input and high input) and different variety of red beans (Ofogh, Dadfar, Goli and Yaghot). Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum was used at the rate of 250 kg. ha-1. Inoculation with rhizobium inoculum in the shade. Rhizobium inoculum was added at the rate of 50 ml for each kilogram of seeds. Biochar was used at the rate of 10 tons per hectare and vermicompost at the rate of 15 tons per hectare. Seed yield (with 10-14% moisture) was measured. The number of stem diameter, number of branches per plant, plant height, number of leaves per plant, and number of pods per plant were determined by randomly selecting 10 plants (60 cm long) from each experimental unit and Chlorophyll content of the leaf was estimated by using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 Plus, Konica Minolta.

The results showed that the main effect of cropping systems on the stem diameter, number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, number of pods, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index were significantly increased. The main effect of variety the number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, pod number, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index were significantly increased too. and the interaction effects of cropping systems and variety, the stem diameter, number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, number of pods, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index of red bean variety were significantly increased. The highest seed yield was obtained in Yaghot variety in high inpout cropping system (3054.30 kg/ha-1) and Yaghot variety in integrated cropping system (3007.33 kg/ha-1), both in the same statistical class. The grain yield in Yaqut cultivar increased by 27.56, 18.14 and 40.09 percent, respectively, compared to Ofogh, Dadfar and Goli cultivars in the high-input cropping system. And in the integrated cropping system, it showed an increase of 26.02, 13.25 and 16.50 percent, respectively.

Obtained results of this experiment showed that the integrated cropping system was able to bring the agricultural characteristics of red bean variety to the highest level in comparison with the ecological, low-input and medium-input cropping systems, in order to increase economic production, on par with the high-input cropping system. As a result, it is predicted that the results of this study can be useful for shaping new management methods to improve red bean crop production.

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is an important legume that plays a significant role in food security and human nutrition in the world. Lentils provide protein and fiber, as well as many vitamins and minerals, such as iron, zinc, folate, and magnesium. Lentil is a moderately drought tolerant crop, but the yield is drastically reduced with increased drought stress. One of the simplest ways to reduce the effects of drought stress is regulate plant growth period to avoid moisture stress; termed as drought escape; therefore, autumn planting can be effective in reducing the effects of drought stress in lentile. On the other hand, cold and freezing are the most important factor limiting lentil cultivation in autumn planting. Considering the importance of autumn planting in cold and highlands areas to use the seasonal rainfall in lentile crop and also due to the diversity among lentil genotypes for cold tolerance and the importance of lentil as a source of high nutritional value, this study was conducted to identify cold tolerant lentils genotypes.

This research was carried out in order to investigate the effective traits in freezing tolerance of lentil genotypes, as factorial based on Completely Randomized Design with three replications under controlled conditions at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2020. The studied factors included 18 lentil genotypes at four freezing temperatures (0, -15, -18 and -20 °C). The pots were irrigated 24 hours before the freezing stress and then transferred to the thermogradient freezer to apply the tretments in mid-February. The freezer temperature at the beginning of the experiment was 5 °C and after placing the samples with slope of 2 °C per hour the temperature decreased. In order to create ice nucleation in the plant and to avoid the supercooling phenomenon, at 3 °C, Ice nucleation active bacteria (INAB) were sprayed on the plant. In order to balance the ambient temperature, seedlings were kept in each temperature treatment for one hour and then overnight in a cold room at 5 °C. Before exposing the plant to freezing stress, photosynthetic pigments, DPPH radical activity, anthocyanin, total phenol, soluble carbohydrates, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline content, catalase activity, peroxidase activity, and the relative water content (RWC) of the osmotic potential were measured. Three weeks after transferring the samples to the greenhouse, the survival percentage of the samples were evaluated. Plant survival percentage was calculated by counting the number of live plants before and after frost stress in each pot.

The results showed that lowering the temperature to -18 and -20°C reduced the survival rate in most genotypes. The highest survival percentage was observed in MLC11 genotype at -18°C. None of the studied genotypes could withstand temperatures of -20°C. At -15°C, MLC13, MLC17, MLC70, MLC409 and MLC454 genotypes had a survival of over 80%. Factor analysis showed that the first factor accounted for 31.12% of the changes with chlorophyll a, carotenoids, Cha to Chb ratio, total photosynthetic pigments and inhibition of DPPH free radical activity and the second factor accounted for 18.28% of the changes with chlorophyll b, peroxidase, plant height and biomass justifies. Due to these traits, MLC8, MLC13, MLC17, MLC38, MLC84, MLC286 and MLC334 genotypes are considered as high stress tolerance genotypes. Analysis of genotype clusters and comparison of group means showed that all traits except soluble carbohydrates, proline, relative leaf water content, catalase and osmotic potential in the first group (MLC8, MLC11, MLC33, MLC47, MLC70, MLC84, MLC4, MLC409, MLC409) They were superior to the total average.

Significant variations were observed among the genotypes studied in terms of survival rate, regrowth, and antioxidant traits. Clustering and mean comparison analysis revealed that genotypes in the first group exhibited superior cold tolerance. These genotypes outperformed the overall average in most of the examined traits. On the other hand, genotypes in the second and third groups had lower mean survival rates compared to the overall mean, indicating their higher sensitivity to stress. The first group included genotypes MLC8, MLC11, MLC33, MLC47, MLC70, MLC84, MLC409, MLC454, and MLC472. Further investigations of these genotypes under field conditions are recommended to explore their potential and performance.

Water stress and nitrogen (N) excess or defficiency are the major problems and the main cause of yield and yield components reduction as compared to other non-biological stresses (Barati & Bijanzadeh, 2020) in crop productions of arid areas. Organic farming is proposed as a solution for above problems. This farming system reduce using of chemical inputs and irrigation water use. The utilization of free aerobic bacteria, such as Azospirillum brasilense, in organic farming practices offers the potential to reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizer by harnessing the ability of these bacteria to stabilize atmospheric nitrogen (N2). Similarly, the application of Pseudomonas fluorescens can enhance the availability of soluble phosphorus in the soil, benefiting plant growth and nutrient uptake. In addition, intercropping is recommended as a strategy to enhance biodiversity in organic farming systems. This approach can alleviate water and nutrient stresses by reducing competition among plants for these resources in the soil. However, there is a lack of information regarding the interaction between organic fertilizer and the triticale-chickpea intercropping system in mitigating the detrimental effects of water stress on chickpea. To address this knowledge gap, the present study was conducted in the arid region of Darab, located in the Fars province of southern Iran. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the interaction effect of different fertilizer systems (chemical, Integrated and biological) and different irrigation regimes on the yield and yield components of chickpea in sole and intercropping of chickpea-triticale, in an arid area of southern Iran (Fars province - Darab).

This experiment was performed as a split factorial on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Darab Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources - Shiraz University in the 2019-2020 growing season. Experimental treatments included two levels of irrigation (Ir) [Normal (IRN): irrigation based on the plant water requirement and water stress (WS): irrigation based on the plant water requirement up to the flowering stage] as the main factor. Sub-factors included three sources of fertilizer system (Fs) [Chemical: 50 kg P ha-1 +150 kg N ha-1, Integrated: 25 kg P ha-1 + 75 kg N ha-1 + 20 tons manure sheep ha-1 + inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azospirillum brasilens, Bio: 40 tons manure sheep ha-1 + inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azospirillum brasillens] and two types of cropping system (Cs) [monoculture of chickpea and intercropping of triticale-chickpea (1:1)]. Grain yield and its components of chickpea was measured and harvest index (%) were calculated. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1 software and the means were separated by least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level.

The Ir × Fs interaction showed that the water stress significantly reduced grain yield of chickpea. However, it’s the highest and lowest reduction was obtained in the chemical and bio fertilizer treatments by 68% and 27%, respectively. In a similar study, the lowest reduction in chickpea yield under water stress compared to normal irrigation was obtained in bio fertilizer treatment (Khalegh nezhad & Jabari, 2015). The Ir × Cs interaction also showed significant effect on the grain yield. The impact of water stress on grain yield varied depending on the cropping system, with the highest reduction observed in monocropped chickpea (55%) and the lowest reduction in intercropped chickpea (24%). This interaction also revealed that both intercropped and sole chickpea experienced decreases in yield and yield components under water stress, but the severity of the reduction was greater in sole cropping. Analysis of chickpea yield components, such as the number of pods per plant, biomass yield, and harvest index, showed similar trends as observed in grain yield under the Ir × Cs interaction. The Ir × Fs interaction had differing effects on the number of seeds per pod and seed weight, with water stress leading to a decrease in these traits. Similar to the behavior of grain yield, the least reduction in these traits under water stress was observed in the Bio and integrated fertilizer systems. Water stress increased the LER of pea and total LER by 65% ​​and 51%, respectively, as compared to the IRN conditions.

The results of this study showed that the water stress after flowering stage of chickpea led to a decrease in grain yield and its components that have been formed at this stage. If farmers intend to cut off irrigation after the flowering stage in chickpea due to the lack of water resources, it is suggested to use of chickpea-triticale intercropping system and the bio or integrated fertilizers that are as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical fertilizers for increasing chickpea grain yield.

In this study, the influence of three independent variables, namely temperature (ranging from 4 to 30 degrees Celsius), time (ranging from 20 to 60 minutes), and pH (ranging from 8.50 to 10), on the extraction of Kimia lentil protein, as well as the physical, chemical, and functional properties of the extracted protein, including emulsion capacity, emulsion stability, foam formation capacity, and foam stability, were evaluated. The response surface method, specifically the central composite design with 6 repetitions at the central point, was employed to conduct 20 standardized experiments. The maximum protein yield was achieved under the optimal conditions of a temperature of 30°C, a time of 20 minutes, and a pH value of 8.6. The highest foam stability was observed after 30 minutes of foam formation at a pH of 8.5, while the highest emulsifying capacity was observed at a pH of 10. The results of this research demonstrated that the lentil protein isolate from the Kimia variety can be effectively incorporated into food formulations, enhancing their nutritional value and functional characteristics. The lentil protein isolate is considered a high-quality natural protein and can serve as a valuable ingredient for improving the health benefits of food products or as a nutrient source on its own.

The raw material used in this research, including green lentil seeds of Kimia cultivar, was prepared from Kermanshah Agricultural Research Center. In order to model and optimize the conditions for protein extraction from green lentil seeds, the effect of independent variables including pH, centrifuge time and temperature, the response surface method (RSM) and Design Expert software were used. For this purpose, a central composite design with 5 levels and 6 replications at the central point during 20 performances was used to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of green lentil protein isolate. The efficiency of lentil protein extraction was compared with the model predicted by t-student test at the probability level of 0.05.

The variables, temperature and time had no significant effect on the emulsifying capacity of lentil protein (p>0.05) and the variable pH has a significant effect (p<0.05). At a constant temperature of 4 degrees, the emulsifying capacity of lentil protein increases with increasing pH found. In addition, with the increase in time, the emulsifying capacity of lentil protein increased slightly, so that at pH 9.7 to 10, and the time from 52 to 60 minutes, lentil protein had the highest emulsifying capacity. The results of the study revealed that temperature, time, and pH exerted a significant effect on the stability of lentil protein emulsion (p<0.05). Specifically, the stability of the emulsion decreased as the pH and alkalinity of the environment increased, and as the time extended from 20 to 60 minutes. At a constant time of 40 minutes, increasing the temperature from 4 to 30 °C and raising the pH from 8.5 to 10 led to an increase in emulsion stability. While the stability of the emulsion showed slight improvement over time, temperature variations had minimal impact on its stability. The analysis of variance demonstrated that both pH and temperature had a significant effect on the foaming capacity of lentil protein (p<0.05), while time did not exhibit significant influence (p>0.05). Increasing the pH resulted in a decrease in the foaming capacity of lentil protein. Additionally, there was a slight decline in foaming capacity as the time increased from 20 to 60 minutes. Interestingly, the foaming capacity did not show any notable changes with variations in temperature. Regarding the stability of lentil protein foam after 30 minutes, the analysis of variance indicated significant effects of pH and temperature (p<0.05). As the pH increased, the volume and stability of the foam decreased. The maximum stability of the foam after 30 minutes of foam formation was observed at a pH of 8.5. The stability of the foam was not affected by changes in time, but a slight increase in foam stability was observed with higher temperatures.

In this study, optimization of extraction process conditions and evaluation of functional properties of lentil protein of Kimia variety was done using RSM method. The parameters of pH, time and temperature of extraction were selected as independent variables. The results showed that the quadratic statistical model can be used with high accuracy to predict the response parameters, and the optimization and prediction results of the model are in good agreement with the experimental results. The pH had a significant effect on the capacity and stability of the lentil protein emulsion, while the increase in pH led to a decrease in the foaming capacity and foam stability. With increasing temperature, foaming capacity, foam stability and emulsion stability increased. Also, increasing the temperature had no significant effect on the emulsifying capacity of lentil protein. The evaluation of the independent variable effect of time on the characteristics of lentil protein also showed that with the increase of time, the amount of foaming capacity, foam stability and emulsion stability of lentil protein decreased. Also, increasing the time did not have a significant effect on the emulsifying capacity of lentil protein. The presence of high protein content alone does not solely account for the improved functional characteristics observed. It is important to consider other compounds present in the sample, such as carbohydrates and fats, as they also influence the quality and functional properties of the protein. These factors collectively contribute to determining the overall functional characteristics of the lentil protein. The findings of this study highlight the potential of lentil protein as a readily available and abundant source of protein, along with other beneficial nutritional compounds, for use in the food industry. The results offer valuable insights into utilizing lentil protein to enhance the properties of food products and indicate its promising potential for formulating innovative food compositions. In summary, the research outcomes emphasize the favorable and appropriate functional characteristics of lentil protein, making it a valuable ingredient for improving food properties. This underscores the feasibility of incorporating lentil protein into food formulations to enhance their overall quality and nutritional profile.

The effectiveness of productivity and sustainable agricultural development depends on the availability of natural resources as well as the efficiency of management measures in agricultural lands. Increasing water use efficiency is a promising way to manage agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions where there is little or no prospect of expanding water resources (Boutraa, 2010). According to Malik et al. (1993) bean yield may be reduced up to 70% when faced in competition with weeds. Extending the irrigation cycle (limited irrigation) in beans is expected to diminish not only the water consumption but also to influence the weed density along with dry matter too.

This project was conducted at Khair-abad research station in Zanjan, Iran, over a period of two years starting from the 2017 growing season. The experimental design utilized a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 24 treatments and three replications. The treatments were arranged in a strip plot layout. The vertical factor of the experiment consisted of three levels of irrigation intervals: efficient irrigation (every 4 days), limited irrigation (every 9 days), and more limited irrigation (every 12 days). The horizontal factor involved eight sub-factors of herbicides: Trifloraline, Imazethapyr, Trifloraline + Bentazone, Imazethapyr + Bentazone, Imazethapyr + Sitogate, Bentazon + Gallant Super, traditional hand mowing, and a test sub-factor with no control. Several traits were evaluated in this study, including the number of pods, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, bean grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, and productivity index. Data analysis and mean comparisons were performed using the SAS statistical software, employing Duncan's multiple range tests.

The Results indicated that both the herbicides and irrigation periods were effective on density and dry matter of weeds. Reducing irrigation intervals will allow for greater control of weed density and dry matter. Imazethapyr and Trifloraline herbicides as pre-emergence and pre-plant followed by post emergence application of Bentazone leads to about 85 and 82 % reduction at in weeds density at bean 3rd three leaflet appearance stage, 85 and 82 % reduction at 50% flowering stage bean in tow year of the study recorded the most reduction on weeds density. Moreover, these herbicides inducing about 88 and 81% decrease at bean 3rd three leaflets and 91 and 87% decrease at bean 50% flowering stage. These treatments after weeding had the highest control on weed density and dry matter. Trifloraline, when applied as a pre-plant treatment, showed the lowest effectiveness in controlling weeds among all the treatments. It resulted in an average reduction of 49% at the appearance of the bean's third three leaflets and approximately 70% reduction at the 50% flowering stage of the bean plant. This treatment consistently ranked the lowest in terms of weed control throughout the study period. The treatments of Imazethapyr, whether applied solely as a pre-emergence treatment or in combination with Situgate as a post-emergence treatment, were found to be ineffective in controlling weeds. Therefore, these treatments are not recommended for weed management in beans, particularly under limited irrigation regimes. The maximum number of sheaths, grains per sheath, and weight of 100 grains were observed in the irrigation regime of every 4 days when integrated with the application of Trifloraline, traditional hand mowing, Imazethapyr + Situgate, and Imazethapyr alone. In terms of bean harvest, the highest yields of 5175 kg/ha, 4707 kg/ha, and 4624 kg/ha were obtained from the irrigation regime of every 4 days when integrated with traditional hand mowing, the application of Imazethapyr + Bentazone, and Imazethapyr + Situgate, respectively. On the other hand the best biological performance as 9950, 9783, and 9733 kg/ha were related to 4 days interval when integrated with application of Imazethapyr + Bentazone, hand mowing, and Imazethapyr + Situgate. The maximum bean harvest index at 52.82 and 50.80 percent were related to 4 and 9 days intervals integrated with hand mowing, followed by 50.54 percent related to 4 days round integrated with Imazethapyr and 9 days round integrated with Trifloraline+ Bentazone. The highest water efficiency as 0.83 was related to 9 days interval whereas the lowest one as 0.48 was related to 4 days round. Regarding the horizontal factors, during the two years study the maximum water efficiency as 0.86, 0.77, and 0.76 were registered at treatments of hand mowing, application of combined Imazethapyr + Bentazone, and combined Imazethapyr + Situgate, respectively.

Based on the overall results and considering water shortage as well as water usage efficiency and decreasing the amount of both performance and traits of performance reduction in Chiti bean "Kosha" leading to desirable weeds control and bean yield, nine days round irrigation could be recommended provided with application of Imazethapyr or trifloraline herbicides with Bentazone.

Rain-fed Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is vulnerable to weed competition because of its tiny stature, slow establishment, and limited vegetative growth. Weed control is necessary for maximum seed yield and seed quality. Crop yield losses are primarily a result of competition with weeds for nutrients, moisture and space. Therefore, weed control at this period plays an important role to gain high roduction. Although the vast majority of lentil production is under rain-fed conditions, there is a little published information on weed control with herbicides in rain-fed lentils. Herbicides due to efficiency and expense savings play a  essential role in weed control. The purpose of this research was to determine the best time to application effective herbicides in weeds control for the maximum rain-fed Lentil production in Khorramabad.

The Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) field experiment was carried out as split plot based on complete randomized block design with three replications during 2017-2018 in Khorramabad (48.21°E, 33.29°N, 1170 m above sea level, 450 mm average yearly precipitation) Iran. The following herbicides were used: Oxyfluorfen (EC 24%) 1 Li ha-1, Isoxaflutole (SC 480) 200 Ml ha-1, Flumetsulam(WG 800) 20 g ha-1, Metribuzin (WP 70%) 500g ha-1, Pendimethalin Aria(EC33%) 4 li ha-1, Pendimethalin Prowl (CS45.5%) 4li ha-1, Imazethapyr (SL10%) 350 ml ha-1 and Pendimethalin prowl 2li ha-1plus Imazethapyr 350 ml ha-1. Herbicide applicatioin time at 3 levels; IAP application (Immediately after planting), PRE application and IBCE (eraly post herbicide application at fourth lentil node stage) was assigned to the main and sub plots respectively. The fields were in wheat cultivation in the year before the experiments. The soil at the test sites was a silty loam with a pH of 7.9 and organic matter of 1.11%. Lentil was sown at a density of 75 kg seed ha-1 by hand on December 21, 2017. Herbicides were sprayed with an electric knapsack sprayer MATABI (calibrated to deliver 300 L ha-1. In order to evaluate the effect of treatments on weeds density and biomass, at the beginning of lentil flowering, sampling was done from a surface of 0.3 m-2 area and weed density and weed biomass recorded. At lentil physiological maturity, the yield and yield components were measured by harvesting lentil plants from a 1-m2 area in each plot (Izadi & Maghsoudi, 1400). The data were subjected to the analysis of variance using SAS. Means were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range test at P=0.05 level of significance.  

The results indicated that the lowest weed density and weed biomass were associated with Flumetsulam and Prowl plus Imazethapyr. The average weed densities for the postemergence and preemergence treatments of the eight evaluated herbicides were 14.9% and 31.0% lower, respectively, compared to the herbicide application immediately after planting. The least herbicide injury effects on the Lentil crop were assigned to the Pendimethalin Aria, Pendimethalin Prowl, Prowl plus Imazethapyr, Imazethapyr and Flumetsulam. In the case of Oxyfluorfen herbicide, weed density for early postemergence application treatment was 84.1% lower than in PRE application. In the case of Isoxaflutole herbicide, the mean weed density for application immediately after planting was 79.3% lower than for early post-application. In the case of Flumetsulam herbicide, the mean of weed biomass for application immediately after planting was 73.3% and 66.6% less than preemergence and early post-application, respectively. With the exception of Flumetsulam herbicide, there was no significant difference between the different herbicide application times in terms of weed biomass. The highest average Lentil grain yield per unit area was observed when Flumetsulam herbicide was applied immediately after planting. On the other hand, the lowest average Lentil grain yield per unit area was recorded when Isoxaflutole herbicide was applied immediately after planting. No significant differences in Lentil grain yield per unit area were found between the different application times for the herbicides Metribuzin and Imazethapyr. Based on cluster analysis grouping of relative efficacy of control treatments, immediately after planting application or preemergence application of Flumetsulam and early postemergence application of Imazethapyr were better than the other herbicide treatments for Lentil weed control, whereas the lowest relative efficacy was related to preemergence application of Oxyfluorfen, immediately after planting application of Isoxaflutole and Metribuzin, and preemergence application of Pendimethalin Arya.

Based on the results of this research, the application of flumezolam immediately after planting (20 g ha-1) and imazatapir( 350 ml ha-1) as pre-emergence application have had more efficiency for weed control in lentil than other herbicide treatments, while the pre-emergent application of oxyfluorfen, the application immediately after planting of isoxaflotel and metribyozin have  had the effects of plant burning on lentil crops and the pendimethalin Aria herbicide is not recommended  in lentil farms because of to the lack of control of broadleaf weeds under normal conditions in lentil fields. In general, among the experimental treatments, in terms of the level of control efficiency and the level of safety for the lentil crop, the application of flumetsulam immediately after planting was the best herbicide treatment.